Bibliography for the van der Pol System

unabridged

 

  1. Vibration control for the primary resonance of the van der Pol oscillator by a time delay state feedback
    Maccari A.
    International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics, January 2003, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 123-131(9), Ingenta.
  2. The Dynamics of Two Coupled van der Pol Oscillators with Delay Coupling
    Wirkus S.; Rand R.
    Nonlinear Dynamics, November 2002, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 205-221(17), Ingenta.
  3. An Analytical And Numerical Study Of A Modified Van Der Pol Oscillator
    Doedel E.J.; Freire E.; Gamero E.; Rodríguez-Luis A.J.
    Journal of Sound and Vibration, September 2002, vol. 256, no. 4, pp. 755-771(17), Ingenta.
  4. Discriminating dynamical from additive noise in the Van der Pol oscillator
    Degli Esposti Boschi C.; Ortega G.J.; Louis E.
    Physica D, 1 October 2002, vol. 171, no. 1, pp. 8-18(11), Ingenta.
  5. Vortex shedding modeling using diffusive van der Pol oscillators
    Facchinetti M.L.; de Langre E.; Biolley F.
    Comptes Rendus Mecanique, 2002, vol. 330, no. 7, pp. 451-456(6), Ingenta.
  6. Analyzing Displacement Term's Memory Effect in a Van der Pol Type Boundary Condition to Prove Chaotic Vibration of the Wave Equation
    Chen G.; Hsu S-B.; Huang T.
    International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos [In Applied Sciences and Engineering], May 2002, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 965-981(17), MathSciNet.  
  7. The Buffer Phenomenon in the Van Der Pol Oscillator with Delay
    Kolesov A.Y.; Rozov N.K.
    Differential Equations, February 2002, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 175-186(12), Ingenta.
  8. Bifurcations of synchronized responses in synaptically coupled Bonhöffer-van der Pol neurons.
    Tsumoto, Kunichika; Yoshinaga, Tetsuya; Kawakami, Hiroshi
    Phys. Rev. E (3) 65 (2002), no. 3, 036230, 9 pp. 92B20, MathSciNet.  
  9. On the position of unbounded separatrices for van der Pol's system.
    Sugie, Jitsuro
    Dynam. Systems Appl. 11 (2002), no. 1, 53--63, MathSciNet.  
  10. Parametric Excitation for Two Internally Resonant van der Pol Oscillators
    Maccari A.
    Nonlinear Dynamics, March 2002, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 367-383(17), Ingenta.
  11. Influence of Noise on Mode Change in a Van der Pol System
    Sergeev O.S.
    Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics, January 2002, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 59-62(4), Ingenta.
  12. Nonisotropic Spatiotemporal Chaotic Vibration of the Wave Equation Due to Mixing Energy Transport and A van der Pol Boundary Condition
    Chen G.; Hsu S-B.; Zhou J.
    International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos [in Applied Sciences and Engineering], March 2002, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 535-559(25), MathSciNet.  
  13. Numerical Study Of A Non-Standard Finite-Difference Scheme For The Van Der Pol Equation
    Mickens R.E.; Gumel A.B.
    Journal of Sound and Vibration, March 2002, vol. 250, no. 5, pp. 955-963(9), Ingenta.
  14. Collective behavior in a chain of van der Pol oscillators with power-law coupling
    de S. Pinto S.E.; R. Lopes S.; Viana R.L.
    Physica A, 15 January 2002, vol. 303, no. 3, pp. 339-356(18), MathSciNet.
  15. Oscillation-Sliding In A Modified Van Der Pol-Duffing Electronic Oscillator
    Algaba A.; Fernández-Sánchez F.; Freire E.; Gamero E.; Rodríguez-Luis A.J.
    Journal of Sound and Vibration, January 2002, vol. 249, no. 5, pp. 899-907(9), MathSciNet.  
  16. Hopf Bifurcation and Stability of Periodic Solutions for van der Pol Equation with Distributed Delay
    Liao X.; Wong K-w.; Wu Z.
    Nonlinear Dynamics, September 2001, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 23-44(22), MathSciNet.  
  17. The Response of a Parametrically Excited van der Pol Oscillator to a Time Delay State Feedback
    Maccari A.
    Nonlinear Dynamics, October 2001, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 105-119(15), MathSciNet.  
  18. The Symplectic Study of Motions in a Perturbed Van-Der-Pol Dynamical System
    Kopych M.I.; Basiura R.; Prykarpatsky A.K.
    Journal of Mathematical Sciences, October 2001, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 3636-3643(8), Ingenta.
  19. The Asymptotic Expansion and Numerical Verification of Van der Pol's Equation
    Deeba E.; Xie S.
    Journal of Computational Analysis and Applications, April 2001, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 165-171(7), Ingenta.
  20. Quantization and classical limit of a linearly damped particle, a van der Pol system and a Duffing system.
    Bolivar, A. O.
    Random Oper. Stochastic Equations 9 (2001), no. 3, 275--286, MathSciNet.  
  21. Global bifurcations of periodic orbits in the forced van der Pol equation.
    Guckenheimer, John; Hoffman, Kathleen; Weckesser, Warren
    Global analysis of dynamical systems, 261--276, Inst. Phys., Bristol, 2001, MathSciNet.  
  22. Non-standard reduction of noisy Duffing--van der Pol equation
    Namachchivaya N.S.; Sowers R. B.; Vedula L.
    Dynamical Systems: An International Journal, 1 September 2001, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 223-245(23), MathSciNet.  
  23. Analytical And Numerical Study Of A Non-Standard Finite Difference Scheme For The Unplugged Van Der Pol Equation
    Mickens R.E.
    Journal of Sound and Vibration, August 2001, vol. 245, no. 4, pp. 757-761(5), MathSciNet.  
  24. Chaos control of Bonhoeffer-van der Pol oscillator using neural networks
    Ramesh M.; Narayanan S.
    Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, October 2001, vol. 12, no. 13, pp. 2395-2405(11), Ingenta.
  25. Modulated motion and infinite-period bifurcation for two non-linearly coupled and parametrically excited van der Pol oscillators
    Maccari A.
    International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics, March 2001, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 335-347(13), MathSciNet.  
  26. On the Van-der-Pol oscillator with noisy nonlinearity
    Grammel G.
    Nonlinearity, 2000, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1343-1355(13), MathSciNet.  
  27. A Tame Degenerate Hopf-Pitchfork Bifurcation in a Modified van der Pol--Duffing Oscillator
    Algaba A.; Freire E.; Gamero E.; Rodríguez-Luis A.J.
    Nonlinear Dynamics, July 2000, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 249-269(21), Ingenta.
  28. Saddle-node singularity of the variational equation of van der Pol.
    Al-Dosary, K. T.
    J. Inst. Math. Comput. Sci. Math. Ser. 13 (2000), no. 3, 283--286, MathSciNet.  
  29. Investigating torus bifurcations in the forced van der Pol oscillator.
    Krauskopf, Bernd; Osinga, Hinke M.
    Numerical methods for bifurcation problems and large-scale dynamical systems (Minneapolis, MN, 1997), 199--208, IMA Vol. Math. Appl., 119, Springer, New York, 2000, MathSciNet.  
  30. A note on the forced Van der Pol equation
    Matzinger E.
    Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Series I Mathematics, 15 August 2000, vol. 331, no. 4, pp. 281-286(6), MathSciNet.  
  31. Emergence of oscillations in a model of weakly coupled two Bonhoeffer-van der Pol equations
    Asai Y.; Nomura T.; Sato S.
    Biosystems, December 2000, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 239-247(9), Ingenta.
  32. First-Order Approximation for Canard Periodic Orbits in a van der Pol Electronic Oscillator
    Freire E.; Gamero E.; Rodriguez-Luis A.J.
    Applied Mathematics Letters, March 1999, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 73-78(6), MathSciNet.  
  33. Exceptional complex solutions of the forced van der Pol equation.
    Fruchard, Augustin; Schäfke, Reinhard
    Funkcial. Ekvac. 42 (1999), no. 2, 201--223, MathSciNet.  
  34. Threshold, excitability and isochrones in the Bonhoeffer-van der Pol system.
    Rabinovitch, A.; Rogachevskii, I.
    Chaos 9 (1999), no. 4, 880--886, MathSciNet.  
  35. Bifurcated periodic solutions for delayed van der Pol equation.
    Murakami, Kouichi
    Neural Parallel Sci. Comput. 7 (1999), no. 1, 1--16, MathSciNet.  
  36. The periodic solution of van der Pol's equation.
    Buonomo, A.
    SIAM J. Appl. Math. 59 (1999), no. 1, 156--171 (electronic), MathSciNet.  
  37. Analysis of Hopf and Takens--Bogdanov Bifurcations in a Modified van der Pol--Duffing Oscillator
    Algaba A.; Freire E.; Gamero E.; Rodríguez-Luis A.J.
    Nonlinear Dynamics, August 1998, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 369-404(36), MathSciNet.  
  38. Chaos of the relativistic parametrically forced van der Pol oscillator
    Ashkenazy Y.; Goren C.; Horwitz L.P.
    Physics Letters A, 29 June 1998, vol. 243, no. 4, pp. 195-204(10), MathSciNet.  
  39. Stochastic Hopf bifurcation in a biased van der Pol model
    Leung H.K.
    Physica A, 15 May 1998, vol. 254, no. 1, pp. 146-155(10), Ingenta.
  40. Orthogonal trajectories and analytical solutions of the van der Pol equation without forcing
    Dixon J.M.; Tuszynski J.A.; Sept D.
    Physics Letters A, 23 February 1998, vol. 239, no. 1, pp. 65-71(7), MathSciNet.  
  41. Complex Normal Form For Strongly Non-Linear Vibration Systems Exemplified By Duffing-Van Der Pol Equation
    Leung A.Y.T.; Zhang Q.C.
    Journal of Sound and Vibration, June 1998, vol. 213, no. 5, pp. 907-914(8), Ingenta.
  42. The symplectic study of motions in a perturbed Van-der-Pol dynamical system.
    Kopych, M. I.; Basiura, R.; Prykarpatsky, A. K.
    Mat. Metodi Fiz.-Mekh. Polya 41 (1998), no. 4, 99--106; translation in J. Math. Sci. (New York) 107 (2001), no. 1, 3636--3643, MathSciNet.  
  43. Synchronization in a lattice of coupled van der Pol systems.
    Chiu, Chuang-Hsiung; Lin, Wen-Wei; Wang, Chern-Shuh
    Internat. J. Bifur. Chaos Appl. Sci. Engrg. 8 (1998), no. 12, 2353--2373, MathSciNet.  
  44. Existence and uniqueness of quasiperiodic solutions to van der Pol type equations.
    Ali, Zulfikar; Shinohara, Yoshitane; Imai, Hitoshi; Kohda, Atsuhito; Okamoto, Kuniya; Sakaguchi, Hideo; Miyamoto, Haruo
    J. Math. Tokushima Univ. 31 (1997), 69--80, MathSciNet.  
  45. P-bifurcations in the noisy Duffing-van der Pol equation.
    Liang, Yan; Sri Namachchivaya, N.
    Stochastic dynamics (Bremen, 1997), 49--70, Springer, New York, 1999, MathSciNet.  
  46. Snapback repellers as a cause of chaotic vibration of the wave equation with a van der Pol boundary condition and energy injection at the middle of the span.
    Chen, Goong; Hsu, Sze-Bi; Zhou, Jianxin
    J. Math. Phys. 39 (1998), no. 12, 6459--6489, MathSciNet.  
  47. Van der Pol's oscillator under delayed feedback.
    Atay, F. M.
    J. Sound Vibration 218 (1998), no. 2, 333--339, MathSciNet.  
  48. On a van der Pol type equation with delay in damping.
    Seifert, George
    Quart. Appl. Math. 56 (1998), no. 3, 473--477, MathSciNet.  
  49. Spectral analysis of stochastic phase lockings and stochastic bifurcations in the sinusoidally forced van der Pol oscillator with additive noise.
    Doi, Shinji; Inoue, Junko; Kumagai, Sadatoshi
    J. Statist. Phys. 90 (1998), no. 5-6, 1107--1127, MathSciNet.  
  50. The Coexistence Of Periodic, Almost-Periodic And Chaotic Attractors In The Van Der Pol-Duffing Oscillator
    Szemplinska-Stupnicka W.; Rudowski J.
    Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1997, vol. 199, no. 2, pp. 165-175(11), Ingenta.
  51. Qualitative analysis of a singularly-perturbed system of differential equations related to the van der Pol equations.
    Aboufadel, Edward F.
    Rocky Mountain J. Math. 27 (1997), no. 2, 367--385, MathSciNet.  
  52. Stability of in-phase and out-of-phase modes for a pair of linearly coupled van der Pol oscillators.
    Storti, Duane W.; Reinhall, Per G.
    Nonlinear dynamics, 1--23, Ser. Stab. Vib. Control Syst. Ser. B, 2, World Sci. Publishing, River Edge, NJ, 1997, MathSciNet.  
  53. Bifurcation and chaos in the double-well Duffing-van der Pol oscillator: numerical and analytical studies.
    Venkatesan, A.; Lakshmanan, M.
    Phys. Rev. E (3) 56 (1997), no. 6, 6321--6330, MathSciNet.  
  54. Cartwright and Littlewood on van der Pol's equation.
    McMurran, Shawnee L.; Tattersall, James J.
    Harmonic analysis and nonlinear differential equations (Riverside, CA, 1995), 265--276, Contemp. Math., 208, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 1997, MathSciNet.  
  55. Limit cycles of cubic van der Pol equation with one finite critical point.
    Guo, Lin; Chen, Guowei
    Ann. Differential Equations 13 (1997), no. 2, 125--139, MathSciNet.  
  56. On bifurcations of periodic orbits in the van der Pol-Duffing equation.
    Belyakova, G. V.; Belyakov, L. A.
    Internat. J. Bifur. Chaos Appl. Sci. Engrg. 7 (1997), no. 2, 459--462, MathSciNet.  
  57. Analytical and numerical studies of the Bonhoeffer van der Pol system.
    Barnes, Belinda; Grimshaw, Roger
    J. Austral. Math. Soc. Ser. B 38 (1997), no. 4, 427--453, MathSciNet.  
  58. The Role of Poincare-Andronov-Hopf Bifurcations in the Application of Variable-Coefficient Harmonic Balance to Periodically Forced Nonlinear Oscillators  
    J. L. Summers, J. Brindley, P. H. Gaskell, M. D. Savage  
    Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 354, No. 1704. (Jan. 15, 1996), pp. 143-168, Jstor.  
  59. The Moving Singularities of the Perturbation Expansion of the Classical Kepler Problem  
    Mohammad Tajdari  
    SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 56, No. 5. (Oct., 1996), pp. 1363-1378, Jstor.  
  60. Bifurcation Scenarios of the Noisy Duffing--van der Pol Oscillator
    Schenk-Hoppè K.R.
    Nonlinear Dynamics, November 1996, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 255-274(20), Ingenta.
  61. The Global Bifurcation Characteristics of the Forced van der Pol Oscillator
    Jian-Xue X.; Jun J.
    Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, January 1996, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 3-19(17), Ingenta.
  62. On the Route to Strangeness without Chaos in the Quasiperiodically Forced van der Pol Oscillator
    Pokorny P.; Schreiber I.; Marek M.
    Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, March 1996, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 409-424(16), Ingenta.
  63. An analytical radial solution to O(epsilon^4) of the van der Pol-Rayleigh limit cycle oscillator using combined Sommerfeld-Watson and Euler transformations.
    Raphael, David T.
    Nonlinear Stud. 3 (1996), no. 2, 163--171, MathSciNet.  
  64. Exit cycling for the van der Pol oscillator and quasipotential calculations.
    Day, Martin V.
    J. Dynam. Differential Equations 8 (1996), no. 4, 573--601, MathSciNet.  
  65. Deterministic and stochastic Duffing-van der Pol oscillators are non-explosive.
    Schenk-Hoppé, Klaus Reiner
    Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 47 (1996), no. 5, 740--759, MathSciNet.  
  66. Universal classification of bifurcating solutions to a primary parametric resonance in van der Pol-Duffing-Mathieu's systems.
    Chen, Yushu; Xu, Jian
    Sci. China Ser. A 39 (1996), no. 4, 405--417, MathSciNet.  
  67. Dynamical Structure Functions at Critical Bifurcations in a Bonhoeffer-van der Pol Equation
    Rajasekar S.
    Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, November 1996, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 1799-1805(7), Ingenta.
  68. The secondary averaging approach to the weakly nonlinear van der Pol oscillator driven by a quasiperiodic force
    Belogortsev A.B.; McKay S.R.
    Physics Letters A, 1 July 1996, vol. 217, no. 1, pp. 15-20(6), Ingenta.
  69. Van der Pol model of a Cherenkov maser
    Sellschop J.P.F.; Connell S.H.; Sideras-Haddad E.; Smallman C.G.; Machi I.Z.; Bharuth-Ram K.; Kleckner M.; Ron A.; Botton M.
    Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 11 June 1996, vol. 375, no. 1, pp. ABS27-ABS29(1), Ingenta.
  70. Symmetry-Restoring Crises, Period-Adding And Chaotic Transitions In The Cubic Van Der Pol Oscillator
    Sanjuan M.A.F.
    Journal of Sound and Vibration, June 1996, vol. 193, no. 4, pp. 863-875(13), Ingenta.
  71. Controlling Unstable Periodic Orbits in a Bonhoeffer-van der Pol Equation
    Rajasekar S.
    Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, November 1995, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 2135-2144(10), Ingenta.
  72. Investigation of a generalized van der pol oscillator differential equation
    Addo-Asah W.; Akpati H.C.; Mickens R.E.
    Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1995, vol. 179, no. 4, pp. 733-735(3), Ingenta.
  73. Exceptional solutions of the forced van der Pol equation.
    Schäfke, Reinhard; Fruchard, Augustin
    The Stokes phenomenon and Hilbert's 16th problem (Groningen, 1995), 295--304, World Sci. Publishing, River Edge, NJ, 1996, MathSciNet.  
  74. Dynamics of two coupled van der Pol oscillators.
    Pastor-Díaz, Ignacio; López-Fraguas, Antonio
    Phys. Rev. E (3) 52 (1995), no. 2, 1480--1489, MathSciNet.  
  75. Homoclinic Motions and Chaos in the Quasiperiodically Forced Van Der Pol-Duffing Oscillator with Single Well Potential  
    Kazuyuki Yagasaki
    Proceedings: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 445, No. 1925. (Jun. 8, 1994), pp. 597-617, Jstor.  
  76. Inverse limits associated with the forced van der Pol equation.
    Holte, Sarah; Roe, Robert
    J. Dynam. Differential Equations 6 (1994), no. 4, 601--612, MathSciNet.  
  77. On the non-integrability of a family of Duffing-van der Pol oscillators
    Bountis T.C.; Drossos L.B.; Lakshmanan M.; Parthasarathy S.
    Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, 1993, vol. 26, no. 23, pp. 6927-6942(16), Ingenta.
  78. Two Timescale Harmonic Balance. I. Application to Autonomous One-Dimensional Nonlinear Oscillators  
    J. L. Summers, M. D. Savage  
    Philosophical Transactions: Physical Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 340, No. 1659.  (Sep. 15, 1992), pp. 473-501, Jstor.  
  79. Singular Complex Periodic Solutions of Van Der Pol's Equation  
    C. Hunter, M. Tajdari  
    SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 50, No. 6. (Dec., 1990), pp. 1764-1779, Jstor.  
  80. Resonances and Power Series Solutions of the Forced Van Der Pol Oscillator  
    Mohammad B. Dadfar, James F. Geer  
    SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 50, No. 5. (Oct., 1990), pp. 1496-1506, Jstor.  
  81. A Period-Adding Phenomenon  
    Mark Levi  
    SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 50, No. 4. (Aug., 1990), pp. 943-955, Jstor.  
  82. A Phase-Plane Analysis of Bursting in the Three-Dimensional Bonhoeffer-Van Der Pol Equations  
    Son T. Tu  
    SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 49, No. 2. (Apr., 1989), pp. 331-343, Jstor.  
  83. Dynamics of Two Strongly Coupled Relaxation Oscillators  
    D. W. Storti, R. H. Rand  
    SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 46, No. 1. (Feb., 1986), pp. 56-67, Jstor.  
  84. Perturbation Analysis of the Limit Cycle of the Free Van Der Pol Equation  
    Mohammad B. Dadfar, James Geer, Carl M. Andersen  
    SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 44, No. 5. (Oct., 1984), pp. 881-895, Jstor.  
  85. On the Leading Term of the Outer Asymptotic Expansion of Van Der Pol's Equation  
    A. D. MacGillivray  
    SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 43, No. 6. (Dec., 1983), pp. 1221-1239, Jstor.  
  86. On the Leading Term of the Inner Asymptotic Expansion of Van Der Pol's Equation  
    A. D. MacGillivray  
    SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 43, No. 3. (Jun., 1983), pp. 594-612, Jstor.  
  87. Power Series Expansions for the Frequency and Period of the Limit Cycle of the Van Der Pol Equation  
    C. M. Andersen, James F. Geer  
    SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 42, No. 3. (Jun., 1982), pp. 678-693, Jstor.  
  88. The Stable Self-Excitations of the Nonlinear Wave Equation of Van Der Pol Type  
    R. W. Lardner, G. Nicklason  
    SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 41, No. 3. (Dec., 1981), pp. 480-492, Jstor.  
  89. Relaxation Oscillations Governed by a Van Der Pol Equation with Periodic Forcing Term  
    J. Grasman, E. J. M. Veling, G. M. Willems  
    SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Dec., 1976), pp. 667-676, Jstor.  
  90. Analytical Theory of Nonlinear Oscillations. IV: The Periodic Oscillations of the Equation  
    x - epsilon(1 - x^{2n + 2})x + x^{2n + 1} = epsilon a cos(omega t),  a > 0, omega > 0
      
    Chike Obi  
    SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 31, No. 2. (Sep., 1976), pp. 345-357, Jstor.  
  91. Factors and Roots of The Van Der Pol Polynomials  
    F. T. Howard  
    Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 53, No. 1. (Nov., 1975), pp. 1-8, Jstor.  
  92. Measurement of growth rate, non-linear saturation coefficients, and mode-mode coupling coefficients of a `Van der Pol' plasma instability
    Keen B.E.; Fletcher W.H.W.
    Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 1970, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 1868-1885(18), Ingenta.
  93. Van Der Pol's Expressions for the Gamma Function  
    T. S. Nanjundiah  
    Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 9, No. 2. (Apr., 1958), pp. 305-307, Jstor.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(c) John H. Mathews 2004